Por: Dra. Uxue Villanueva Amadoz
Charles Darwin describió la formación de los atolones o arrecifes coralinos. Éstos tienen forma de anillo y una laguna interior que comunica con el mar. Darwin explicó que los arrecifes crecen alrededor de una isla volcánica que se hunde progresivamente cuando el volcán deja de ser activo, lo cual crea un espacio donde se instalar una laguna.
En la laguna, la gran cantidad de sedimentos que provienen de la erosión del volcán y la presencia de agua dulce no permiten el crecimiento de los corales que quedan restringidos a los bordes formándose los arrecifes marginales (A).
Si continúa el hundimiento, la anchura y profundidad de la laguna aumenta y se forman los arrecifes de barrera (B). Si estos últimos encierran a la isla y la isla sigue hundiéndose hasta quedar debajo del nivel del mar se forma el atolón (C).
Si la tasa de hundimiento es mayor a la tasa de crecimiento vertical de los corales, se forma un atol n sumergido (D). Estudios actuales apoyan todavía esta teoría pero se sabe ahora que el cambio del nivel del mar asociado a los ciclos glaciares y la subducción tienen un papel preponderante.
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